Introduction. The Purpose Of This Report Will Be To Look

Introduction The purpose of this report will be to look into MS and the way the use the Marketing Mix. Taking into account the research and analysis the report will assess the use of these elements and make recommendation on how they may be further implemented to add to the success of the Marks and Spencer market. MS is one of the UKs largest retailers with around 1382 stores worldwide. The food department (Simply Food) is accountable for 58% of MS’ overall turnover whereas clothes, beauty and home add up to around 42%. International customers gain the use of the business in three different ways. These three ways are owned, franchise and joint venture where the two businesses will work together. Marks and Spenser’s offer the use of†¦show more content†¦The information gathered was up-to-date and by using their own website was not time consuming. However, Marks and Spencer could have been biased when creating their website as they want the public to view them as the best as well as appearing better than competitors this means that they are only telling half the story as they only want to incorporate the positives rather than the negatives. The website is easy to access and information can be found very quickly and has already been produced. This website enabled me to see how MS aim to maintain their values to continue providing the best customer service that they can. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS Strengths High quality â€Å"As one of the UK’s leading retailers, we sell stylish, high-quality, own brand Womenswear, Lingerie, Menswear, Kid swear, Beauty and Home products, serving customers through our 302 full-line stores and website, MS.com. â€Å" On the MS it shows that high quality is what is offered by the business. This is a major strength for MS that has allowed them to get to the level of success they have today. Customers have always food good quality product whether that has been fresh food, clothing or beauty products. This is an advantage as it allows them to show superiority over competitor brands with the high quality to provide to customers. Customer Service According to my survey MS customer service has been rated on an average of 7. This shows people find the staffShow MoreRelatedLab Report Analysis1497 Words   |  6 Pages Lab Report Analysis This memo proposes the observations and claims I collected from reviewing three different lab reports. Three fields of study are composed within this memo that includes Electrical Engineering, Environmental Engineering, and Petroleum Engineering. â€Å"Electrical Filters,† (Electrical), written by Joe Schmoe, is a lab report made by a student at a university. 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The Evolution of Communication Essay - 757 Words

The Evolution of Communication Since the earliest of years, communication has been an important part of life. The term communication is defined as a means to give or interchange thoughts, feelings, information, or the like, by writing, speaking, gesturing, etcetera ( Stein, 298). Communication allows humans and other life-forms to interact with each other and transfer important information. The information transferred could be comprised of anything from a nearby food source to the discovery of fire. Over the years, communication has taken many forms. In 1962, a singer and songwriter named Bob Dylan (b. Robert Allen Zimmerman, May 24, 1941, Duluth, Minnesota) released his first album titled Bob Dylan. After listening to this album and†¦show more content†¦It was speech that made Homo sapiens sapient, that provided a competitive advantage as a hunter and an organizer of social life, that separated human beings from other animals, even from other primates. It provided the capacity to communicate among the me mbers of a hunting band or war party, to convey knowledge, to issue commands, to report the presence of game or of camping grounds, and to deal competently with the demands of Stone Age life. (Lacy, 3) In the Stone Age, information was passed on by communicating with words. The formulation of words gave birth to language in the form of an oral tradition. Language, in its oral form, allowed people to communicate amongst themselves. This was important when people were together in person. However, the invention of language in its written tradition and print represented progress for the spread of information and the accuracy upon which that information would be received. It is thought that many men had been experimenting with print by the mid fifteenth century. This was a long time after the story of Gilgamesh had been scribed in stone. 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Founder/Ceo Free Essays

Wangoh Dynamics Technologies Network and Telecommunication Services and Solutions Memo To: The Government of Sierra Leone (West Africa) From: Saa E. Fillie-Founder/CEO and Network Engineer Date: March 20. 2013 Ref: The Cost Benefit of Virtualization Technology Many enterprising companies are looking for ways to better IT departments, improve business models and create lower operating costs. We will write a custom essay sample on Founder/Ceo or any similar topic only for you Order Now Until a few years ago, it seemed as if an all-encompassing solution to those problems has been taken care of by virtualization that is now a reliable, efficient and customizable solution to those business requests and more. Whether used to provide better customer service, to be more eco-friendly or to gain more company memory, the virtualization technology of today offer many benefits to enterprising companies all over the world, creating innovative solutions to work based problems on a daily basis. Virtualization has not only captured the business world by storm with its innovative and creative solutions but it also offers proven advantages in several areas of industry, IT and service. Below is a list of a few of the advantages and solutions that virtualization technology can offer the enterprise around the globe. Virtual Desktops Many corporations and enterprises are looking to reduce their footprint and create more efficient operating systems. This can be done with one aspect of virtualization, virtual desktops. Virtual desktops have the ability to create more space within a desktop computer or on actual desk space through the use of software which expands a desktops environment beyond physical limits through virtualization. This can create a more eco-friendly environment with less computers using energy and lower operating costs as well as offering continuous transitions between multiple operating system. Enhanced System Security A fear of many enterprises considering virtualization in their business is that all the advantages of this technology will compromise the security of sensitive, private and legal company information. However, that is not the case; in fact virtualization in business provides enhanced security, making it more difficult for hackers to find key information. Unlike other security systems, virtualization has the ability to single out and trace requests. If a request seems fishy or unsuitable, virtualization security technologies will reroute hackers to another location, securing and keeping enterprising business information safe from harm. Better System Reliability Non-virtualized networks and systems are more prone to crashes and memory corruption due to software installments such as device drivers. Through virtualization, I/O resources can be isolated providing better security (see above,) reliability and even availability across devices for business purposes. Disaster Recovery Along the same lines as better system reliability, virtualization also provides enterprising businesses with better, faster and more secure disaster recovery. This is possible because this technology is able to take a virtual image or information and transfer it to another server in the instance that the original server may be crashing. This prevents information loss and provides a constant stream of secure and safe information. Space and Server Consolidation When an organization has a physical database, it can take up to ten machines to provide the same amount of workload to one virtual machine. This means that up to ten applications can be ran on a solitary virtual machine, consolidating physical space as well as server use, therefore saving energy usage, operating costs and server expenses. Scalability One advantage of virtualization technology is its unique ability to be scalable. What this means is that unlike purchasing X amount of computer memory or RAM for a company, the possibilities with virtualization are endless. The workload and space needed one month may change in the next and virtualization accommodates those changes by fluxuating to fit the needs of an enterprise at the time of use. This also saves on energy consumption and operating costs because virtualization service providers oft will only charge for what was used. Endless Memory and Accessibilities One aspect of scalability is virtualization’s advantage of seemingly endless memory. Enterprising businesses can take advantage of limitless memory to house business information, client details, invoices and financial records all in an accessible, crash protected and secure place. Virtualization is accessible anywhere there is an internet connection, allow for access to important company information anywhere in the world. This is great for traveling business owners, work from home employees or access away from work. This also allows companies to offer better customer service to clients because of the ease of access as well as the quick pull up of saved information stored in a limitless memory location. Many enterprising companies are looking for ways to better IT departments, improve business models and create lower operating costs, all of which can be accomplished with the modern marvel technology that is virtualization. Whether used to provide better customer service, to be more eco-friendly or to gain more company memory, the virtualization technology of today offer many benefits to enterprising companies all over the world, creating innovative solutions to work based problems on a daily basis. Return on Investment School of thoughts have argued in various platform about the huge capital investment return in virtualization, there are multiple factors which determine how to go about deciding what type of monitoring an Information Technology (IT) department should embark on. In order to properly evaluate a specific IT environment, one must first determine whether or not to virtualize. Virtualization can be stressed as a life saver for countless IT departments over the past few years. What first needs to be determined however, is if in fact an organization really needs to virtualize. Perhaps database, application servers, network services, etc don’t truly need to become virtualized, maybe they do. What we are trying to determine today is the Return on Investment (ROI) for virtualization. Technologist, Researchers and Students helps quantify virtualizing an IT infrastructure. If an organization is in the process of acquiring a new company (or being liquidated) and subsequently moving locations, they must first take a look in their server room*. If it is overcrowded, under powered or outdated, then yes†¦ virtualization is probably important. What everyone in the IT department wants to know then, is virtualization right for my organization and more importantly my department? [pic] The resources being saved on just power and hardware along are staggering. Keeping costs lower for the overall organization is obviously crucial, especially when it comes to things such as never having to redeploy application solutions*. This will save you time and subsequently money: no server hardware refreshing costs, limited annual server-related power costs*. The greater questions then arise, how much time will it take a department to make the complete switch? Will the ROI be worth the increased labor hours to become fluent with the virtualized world? What types of challenges will come about from the overall business perspective? |Reducing Infrastructure Costs Through Virtualization | | |   | | |Introduction | | |Nowadays, we live in uncertain times all around the world. When it comes to architecture | | |and design, we must think a lot more in costs—unlike in other times, when we used to think| | |first of the solution and then in costs. If we had a streamlined and defined return on | | |investment (ROI), only then did the project get the green light. Today, if we think about | |projects, it is necessary to have a precise budget and defined cost first before we can | | |start to think about the project. | | |Upon brief reflection of what IT architecture is, one finds that the model that the whole | | |world favors (because of costs and the evolution of technologies) is the virtualization | | |model. Ten years ago, it was all about decentralization—both in data centers and servers, | | |and in communication and desktops. When we thought of an application, we always tried to | | |have the layers of such an application as close to the client as possible; data centers, | | |databases, and e-mail servers were distributed all over. | |This situation was the result of being unable to face the huge cost of having hardware | | |equipment of multiple large capabilities (such as an eight-processor server and lots and | | |lots of RAM gigabytes) or having redundant point-to-point communication links with good | | |bandwidth—the cost of which only large companies could consider including in their | | |architecture. All of this encouraged a decentralized IT administration model that required| | |specialists in the different platforms of each site. | | | | |   | | |The Original Model | | |Although this model worked for years, many things were not considered that today have | | |rendered this model not as efficient as was initially thought. | |[pic] | | | | | |Figure 1. Typical scheme | | |   | | |Taking as an example the analysis of a distributed application that was devised 10 years | | |ago, there was an architecture in which it was important to have the data near the client,| | |which led to the following scheme: | | |A database in the central office in which the information from the different sites, the | | |database from each site, the application server from each site, and the local applications| | |that were installed on each desktop were all consolidated. | | |A replication scheme among the databases was used for the distribution of information. | |This drove us to have database administration for each site, besides having on each site | | |an infrastructure administrator who had thorough knowledge. | | |Initially, this had (as variables within the equation) high communication-link costs, | | |large servers that represented a very high cost, and operative systems that were neither | | |very solid nor rigid with regard to changes and al so had little functionality—that is, | | |they offered very few functions or roles within the operative system. | |For many of the needs of the company, it was necessary to add software that could comply | | |with that functionality. In addition, in order to carry out the tiniest of changes, it was| | |necessary to set the server offline and have IT personnel who represented an average cost. | | |The variable that was not really considered was the updating and maintenance of the whole | | |structure, which at the time—due to the fact that technology did not evolve in the way | | |that it does today—was not such an important aspect. | |If we consider basic accounting principles (which I have learned during recent years), one| | |should always see the IT personnel as an asset to the company, with both amortization time| | |(which is the time that it takes to shape the person, according to the culture and needs | | |of the company) and an updating cost (which is wh at must be invested to have a person | | |trained in the different technologies as they evolve). | | |Over time, all of this changed; the variables in this equation also changed, and the | | |updating and maintenance variable (which in many cases had not been taken into account) | | |started to gain more and more importance. | |This is the equation that we face nowadays: | | |Average to low communication-link costs (taking into account the virtual private network),| | |large servers with many RAM gigabytes at average to low cost, operative systems that had | | |hundreds of embedded and flexible options and lots of functionality (many things already | | |come solved and embedded in the operative system, so that in general it is not necessary | | |to set the server offline to make these changes), average to high personnel costs, and | | |average to high updating and maintenance costs. | |Within the scheme that is encouraged today, many things must be considered; it is | | |necessary, therefore, to have the whole scheme in mind—not just a part of it—to avoid | | |making the same mistakes that we incurred in the past. | | |Nowadays, when uncertainty (crises, corporate mergers, acquisitions, and constant changes)| | |is all around, it is vital to work toward an environment that would basically support | | |constant dynamic changes. More than ever, it is necessary to think about platform and | | |application updating, growth, and corporate and budget contractions. This, of course, will| | |highly influence the model that is to be chosen, and that model (taking into account the | | |aforementioned equation) should be based mainly on the updating and maintenance variable. | | |When we consider all of the preceding, we will see that the model that best fits is the | | |virtualization model applied to all of the possible levels, where all of the equation | | |variables are considered in order to determine feasibility and total cost of ownership | | |(TCO). | |There will be infinite virtualization scenarios—from choosing cloud computing in specific | | |services and virtualizing (or outsourcing) the whole or part of the IT department to using| | |virtualization for servers, applications, or desktops. | | |   | | |Server Virtualization | | |Today, there are many important players and technologies that have been widely tested, | | |such as Microsoft Hyper-V and VMWare. The hardware costs have gone considerably down: If | | |we were to compare four- to eight-processor equipment of the past to one today, it would | | |result in an important cost margin that would be an improvement, and it would be necessary| | |to add the progress that has been made in technologies and redundancy within equipment, | | |board, hot-plug memories, and so on. | | |Generally speaking, almost all the components of the server can be changed without having | | |to take the server offline. The same thing applies to operative systems. This means that | | |we can do away with the theory that was used in the past, according to which we used to | | |divide into different hardware pieces the different business applications. In addition to | | |this, the advantages of tolerance to failure in the virtualization schemes that are used | | |today make it possible to take a physical server offline without affecting the virtual | | |server that is running in that physical server. This, of course, means that from a simple | | |technical point of view, there is already a huge advantage in the use of server | | |virtualization. | | |From an architectural point of view, this allows us to respond to organizational changes | | |quickly. Above all (and this is something to consider nowadays), this also enables us to | | |achieve substantial savings at the time of shaping a data center. There will also be | | |savings in the electrical bill, refrigeration costs, physical space, and hardware. | | |Moreover, deployment and disaster recovery will be much simpler. | |All of this will result in lower maintenance costs—whether we have our own IT department | | |in 100 percent administration of this platform or a virtualized environment of the IT | | |department (later, we will develop the IT department cost, as well as the options and the | | |reasons behind virtualizing it). This all leads to there not being almost any scenario in | | |which virtualization is not a pplied and which will not result in a much lower TCO. | |   | | |Desktop Virtualization | | |In this regard, it is also possible to find very well-developed and well-tested | | |technologies, such as Microsoft Terminal Server, Citrix, and so on. This kind of | | |virtualization was previously thought about for remote points or links that had a | | |relatively small bandwidth. Nowadays, it is used as a method to reduce | | |desktop-administration expenses, because (thanks to this technology) it is possible | | |technically to have tolerance to failures, add it to the server-virtualization scheme, and| | |create a pool of servers. There is substantial reduction of the desktop-maintenance cost | | |and the cost of desktops themselves, because with equipment that has smaller hardware, it | | |is possible to run any kind of application and still have centralized control and | | |deployment of applications and security policies. | |   | | |Virtualization of the IT Department | | |In the past, there was a relatively low or not-so-significant IT department cost, compared| | |to the one nowadays. Today, there is a high IT department cost, and it is necessary to | | |consider the following variables: training in new technologies, training in the company | | |environment, the cost of personnel search, and the time during which the search takes | | |place. All of this leads to the IT department not being able to respond with the speed | | |that the company needs. In ddition, we currently experience a high labor turnover, which | | |means that many times this process has to start again—which, of course, drives the cost | | |upwards. | | |If we consider all of these factors, especially the costs and the time that the search | | |involves, we will see that having a virtualized IT department results in a lower TCO and | | |in every possible advantage. With virtualization, all of these IT-department problems are | | |moved to an external company that is exclusively devoted to IT, particularly as it refers | | |to specialists in technology or in specific technologies. This would mean that there is no| | |point in having a specialist as part of the internal IT department. | | |   | | |Cloud Computing | | |Currently, there an infinite number of services are available on the Web, from e-mail | | |services (as has been the case for a very long time) to CRM, ERP, Document Managers, and | | |other services. This solution naturally offers a world of advantages: It is unnecessary to| | |have a specialist in this technology within our IT department, it is equally unnecessary | | |to maintain that technology from either the hardware or the software point of view, and | | |keeping security copies of the information is no longer required. Depending on the kind of| | |hired service and service-level agreement (SLA), it will be possible to have a redundant | | |and always-online service. In some cases, the cost for this kind of service can be | | |high—depending on both the number of users within our organization who require this | | |service and the characteristics of the service—and is worth considering. | |   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Example of Architecture | | |(Example based on a company with 500 employees. ) | | |[pic] | | | | | |Figure 2. Current architecture | | |   | | |As an example, we will use a virtualization architecture that uses such Microsoft | | |technologies as Hyper-V and Terminal Server. Number of servers: 15. | | |Typical structure of IT department: One manager, two IT administrators, one database | | |administrator (DBA), and five Help Desk employees. | | |Based on everything that was explained previously, we will take the best of each | | |virtualization technology to carry out a cost reduction. | |Server Virtualization | | |It will be possible to reduce approximately 15 noncritical servers into 4 physical servers| | |that will be able to support these 15 virtual servers. It will be necessary to carry out a| | |load analysis and distribute the servers and business applications correctly. Nowadays, | | |given the kind of roles of a typical company server, there are not many servers that have | | |a high processing consumption; thus, it will be necessary to isolate these kinds of | | |servers, so tha t a resource competition conflict is not generated. It will also be | | |necessary to include (if we do not already have it) an external storage in which our | | |virtualization scheme will be stored (so that it is possible to work on it in a cluster) | | |and which will have tolerance to failure of all of the virtual equipment. All of this will| | |be possible by using Microsoft Windows Server 2008 64 bits and Hyper-V System Center | | |Virtual Machine Manager to carry out the P2V conversions. | |Cost Reduction | | |Within this example, it will be possible to reduce approximately 70 percent of the energy | | |consumption, as a result of less consumption on the part of the servers. In addition, | | |there will also be a reduction of approximately 70 percent in the refrigeration | | |consumption, as a result of the use of storage. | | |The licensing cost will also decrease (when we use Microsoft licensing) very | | |substantially. The Microsoft licensing scheme is based on Table 1. In the table, we can | |see that by using Windows Serv er 2008 data-center server licensing, it will be possible to| | |obtain a reduction in licensing from 15 servers (which will be able to use different | | |versions of Windows Server 2008, depending on the processor and RAM needs) to only 4 (with| | |data-center or enterprise licenses). Depending on the versions of Microsoft Windows that | | |are used, in the least favorable scenario, we will achieve a reduction in cost of 50 | | |percent. | |Version of Windows Server 2008 host | | |Covered virtual servers | | | | | |Standard | | |1 | | | | | |Enterprise | | |4 | | | | | |Data center | | |Unlimited | | | | | |Table 1. Microsoft Licensing Scheme | | |   | | | | | | | | |Desktop Virtualization | | |Depending on the memory consumption of the applications, it will be possible to implement | | |approximately five virtual servers for Terminal Server— typically, in five physical | | |servers to cover 500 work positions. The main advantage of having virtualized servers is | | |that this will automatically commute to any other, in case of a failure in any physical | | |equipment. | | |In this way, we will be able to have a desktop with fewer resources, and it will be | | |possible to update the applications more rapidly, as with deployment, management of | | |printers, and any other desktop problem. In turn, this will also enable us to make the | | |desktop of the user available to remote or external users. | |Cost Reduction | | |If we consider, on the one hand, the cost of updating 500 desktops as a result of the | | |installation of some business application and, on the other hand, the purchase of five | | |32-GB RAM servers and two Quad Core processors each, we will obtain a cost reduction of | | |approximately 90 percent. | | |Virtualization of the IT Department | | |It is first necessary to analyze the critical and noncritical applications; it is | | |important also to analyze the IT labor market in the country in which it is applied. | | |Generally speaking, the advice that is given is to virtualize whatever is difficult to get| | |in the market and to have partial virtualization of the IT department. For this | | |example—and considering the current work market—we will opt to virtualize (for example) | | |only one IT administrator and one DBA; the Help Desk, one IT Administrator, and the IT | | |manager will continue to be physical. By having an SLA with external suppliers and a | | |framework work contract, it will be possible to increase rapidly the IT department or | | |change swiftly the scheme without a great increase in initial costs. It will also be | | |possible to decrease training costs, hiring costs, and so on. | |[pic] | | | | | |Figure 3. Virtual-server scenario | | |   | | |Cost Reduction | | |If we consider the TCO, hiring costs, training costs, and salaries, we will obtain a cost | | |reduction of approximately 55 percent. | |Cloud Computing | | |Let us take an application that will not be worth having internally, because of the size | | |of the company. For this example, we will use a CRM. Ten CRM licenses will be hired | | |online. In this way , no costs will be associated to the initial licensing, administration | | |training, CRM server deployment, disaster-recovery policies, or anything that pertains to | | |administration of the CRM. | | |Cost Reduction | |Based on online services, there will be a cost reduction of approximately 80 percent—based| | |on 10 licenses, and considering the initial cost of having a server, trained personnel, | | |backup policies, and so on. | | | | | | | | |Financial Benefits of Virtualization | | |. | |â€Å"Leveraging virtual computer environments has increased the opportunities for teaching and| | |learning. This particular solution is cost effective and sustainable in many different | | |ways. Tech related costs have reduced by a little over $250,000 a year. That is a | | |combination of lower software costs, app software costs, and extending the life of the | | |hardware. That in turn reduces the cost of the hardware by about 35-40% when they do | | |replace it. Computers can be renewed with hardware that is much more cost efficient | | |because it does not need to be the latest and greatest machine. The computers that are | | |replaced cost around $500 or less. | | |IT staff numbers are down, mainly because of a reduction in PC technicians. Everything is | | |moving back towards the data center and, because of the way they implement their | | |environment, every time a user accesses an app or a desktop they are actually accessing a | | |copy of a perfect image. Every time you open up Word it is a brand new fresh copy and when| | |you are done using it that image goes away so you are not really re-using it. SCC does | | |manage their profile information so if they create custom shortcuts it will be applied | | |over that virtual application. This way they still get that customized personalized | | |environment. Pooling resources reduced hardware and software costs while extending the | | |life of current hardware resources. This lowers the school’s total cost of ownership and | | |makes a very significant difference. | | |To read the rest of this report, Desktop Virualization for the Real World, IMF members can| | |log-in | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   | | |Conclusion | | |The virtualization scenario makes it possible to make structural changes in the IT | | |department with the speed that the market actually needs. | | |We can have strong cost reduction, because with a physical structure, we often do not use | | |all of the resources—hardware, software, employees, and so on—at 100 percent. On the other| | |hand, with virtualization we have the opposite case: We use and push the resource | | |utilization as far as possible, and then we add more resources to virtualize. | | |In our example, we can see the individual cost reduction; if we look at it globally, | | |however, the cost reduction is more significant. | | |   | | |   | | How to cite Founder/Ceo, Essay examples

Children and Television Violence Essay Example For Students

Children and Television Violence Essay Through what they experience on television, children are forced into adulthood at too young of an age. The innocence of youth is lost when children stare endlessly at a screen displaying the horrors of murder, rape, assault, devastating fire, and other natural disasters. Although these are occurrences in everyday life, things adults have grown accustomed to hearing about, children do not have the maturity level to deal with these tragedies appropriately. Childrens behavior changes because they become desensitized to the violence. There are many preventative techniques that can be applied to ensure that negativity on television will not interfere with a childs development.Children see violent acts on television and make an attempt to process it, and in doing so, their innocence is lost. According to Dr. David Elkind, president emeritus, National Association for the Education of Young Children, Television forces children to accommodate a great deal and inhibits the assimilation of mate rial. Consequently, the television child knows a great deal more than he or she can ever understand. This discrepancy between how much information children have and what they can process is the major stress of television. (160) Childrens minds are not fully developed; therefore, they can not be expected to understand the violence on television. The media, specifically television, has become more and more violent, in not all too subtle ways, exposing many children to behaviors not appropriate to a young audience. Remember the Menendez brothers, who ruthlessly shot their parents as they ate ice cream and watched TV in their family room, planted in childrens minds the worst possibility that a parent could die violently at the hands of a child. (Medved, et. al. 243) Seeing the violence, hearing about it, watching news reports about violent acts committed by real people, especially other children, affects the viewer negatively. Children can not relate to what they see when they are so young, making the act of watching violent television extremely questionable. Children should not know about murder and rape; however according to Gloria Tristani, Commissioner for the Federal Communications Commission, by the time they finish elementary school, children have witnessed 8,000 murders and 100,000 acts of violence. (Tristani website) Children should not be allowed to view such behavior as they are far too young to comprehend the severity of what they see. Younger children are more susceptible to the impact of television violence in part because they spend more time in front of the set. Children ages 2 to 5 watch about 28 hours of television each week, or almost 4 hours per day. (Black, et. al. 317) Older children watch about four hours less per week. These younger children are fascinated with a media that does not require the ability to read or decipher in a way they do not know how; therefore, they spend more time watching television than older school age children. Television has somewhat less appeal for the adolescent who has the mental ability to extend his or her senses with radio or print. (Elkind 73) One of the most disconcerting facts of modern life is the abundance of wasted time spent watching mindless television programs. at the end of the usual life span, the average person will have endured more than ten uninterrupted years of television, day and night, with no breaks for the potty, no sleep, no work, no school. Ten years of staring at a cathode-ray tube, looking at images that for the most part one doesnt control and never chose. (Medved, et. al. 19)A US News World Report survey of voters reveals that 91% think media mayhem contributes to real-life violence, while 54% of the public thinks violence in entertainment media is a major factor that contributes to the level of violence in America. But only 30% of those with the power to control it, the Hollywood elite, agree. (Medved, et. al. 28) Because the general population appears to have little say in how much the media portrays violent behavior, it is important to take a step back and evaluate what the children are actually exposed to. It is important that parents play a direct role in deciding what children are able to view on television. This is the best method of preventing negative reactions from watching the violence that the media portrays. A filmmaker and ESPN2 correspondent from the Atlanta area believes that parents play an important role; without them, they children have nothing to listen to except TV and movies. Those medias were not made to teach your children and take care of them. They are entertainment art. (Nathanson interview) By establishing ground rules at a very young age, children are taught lifelong lessons that will stay with them all through life. Parents can not always be where their children are, but by instilling safe choices in them from the beginning, when children are left to decide for themselves, they have a foundation to base their choice on. Process Structure And Function Process Organization In Computer Architecture EssayThe Telecommunications Act of 1996 requires that V-Chip technology be installed in all new television sets sold in the United States. (Benton website) This new technology permits individuals to block programming based on the level of violence or other characteristics. In conjunction with this new technology, the television industry implemented a program that provides a rating for network shows, allowing parents to gain further control over what children watch on television. These new ratings include special guidelines for younger viewers. The rating system contains two parts, an age based rating and a content based rating. The content ratings list violence, language, and nudity. The age based ratings have two ratings geared towards young children, TV-Y, for all children and TV-Y7, for children over the age of seven. The ratings appear in the upper left hand corner of the television screen for the first fifteen seconds of a program, giving parents a forewarning about any programming that children should not be exposed to. (Eisenstock 4 5)This V-Chip and ratings technology is an important step in preventing unwanted viewing of violence. It is especially helpful when children are left to choose a show to watch. By setting the allowable programming to only TV-Y, it is less likely that children will witness any violent acts on television. Because the ratings are determined by show producers and the network, it is important for parents to remain in an active role in participating in program viewing with children. There are times when violent acts are missed in rating judgments. If a show is rated TV-Y7, a parent needs to judge the program and make a decision to accept the rating as accurate or disregard it as incorrect. While prime-time TV contains about 5 violent acts per hourthere are over 20 violent acts per hour on childrens programming. (Tristani website) Television violence can cause negative behavioral and sociological changes in young children. Violence on television is all too common, so parents must take action and monitor what shows are to be watched. There are methods available to assist parents, some of which include the V-Chip and the new ratings system for network programs. By preventing children from witnessing violence on television, parents are helping to eliminate the desensitization that happens from witnessing such wrongdoing. BibliographyBlack, Jay, and Jennings Bryant. Introduction to Media Communication. Iowa: Brown, 1995. Eisenstock, Bobbie, PhD., and Cathryn C. Borum. A Parents Guide to the TV Ratings and V-Chip. Washington: Media, 1995. Elkind, David. The Hurried Child. Reading: Addison, 1981. Krcmar, Marina, and Patti M. Valkenburg. A Scale to Assess Childrens Moral Interpretations of Justified and Unjustified Violence and Its Repercussions. Communication Research Oct. 1999: 608-635. Lock-Out Blocks Media Violence and Provides internet Safety for Your Children. Lock-Out! n. pag. 6 June 2000 . Medved, Diane, PhD., and Michael Medved. Saving Childhood. New York: HarperCollins, 1998. Medved, Michael. Hollywood VS. America. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. Nathanson, Ian. Telephone interview. 6 June 2000. Tristani, Gloria. Children and TV Violence Speech. FCC 11 Feb. 1998: n. pag. 2 June 2002 . Words/ Pages : 2,139 / 24